"I KNEW MY PLANS HAD CHANGED"
USS Enterprise (CV-6)
The flight deck of USS Enterprise (CV-6) echoed with the command over the loudspeaker from the bridge: “Pilots! Man your planes!” Thirty-one year old Lieutenant Richard H. “Dick” Best Jr., operations officer of Bombing-Six, watched from near the ship’s island as the crews of the twelve Douglas SBD-3 Dauntlesses of Scouting-Six and five SBD-2s of Bombing-Six climbed aboard their airplanes and wished he was one of the Bombing-Six crews who would be the first of the squadron to arrive home at NAS Ford Island, since he was eager to go on leave with his wife and four-year old daughter who were waiting for him in Honolulu. He glanced up and saw Vice Admiral William F. Halsey Jr. - universally known in the Navy as “Bull,” though no one ever used that to his face - watching the preparations for takeoff from the admiral’s bridge as commander of Carrier Division Two. Best could see the four heavy cruisers of Cruiser Division 5 led by Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance aboard his flagship USS Northampton (CA-26) and six destroyers that constituted Task Force 16 as grey shapes on the horizon.
Commander Howard L. “Brigham” Young climbed aboard the blue-grey over light grey Dauntless marked “Commander Enterprise Group” on its flank designating it as the Group Commander’s airplane that would lead the five Bombing-Six SBD-2s. The Admiral’s assistant operations officer, LCDR Bromfield Nichol, eased himself into the gunner’s rear seat in Young’s airplane; seven years before, then-Lieutenant Nichol had been then-Captain Halsey’s flight instructor at Pensacola when Halsey had been awarded his Wings of Gold on May 15, 1935 at age 52, the oldest man to ever qualify as a naval aviator. Nichols’ briefcase carried Halsey’s report to Pacific Fleet Commander Admiral Husband E. Kimmel regarding the Wake Island operation.
Eighteen R-1820 radial engines coughed to life and soon their throbbing rumble filled the air. For the first time since November 28 when Task Force 16 had departed Pearl Harbor, the sky was clear and the rising sun could be clearly seen. The heavy seas encountered during the return from Wake Island, where the task force had delivered eighteen F4F-3 Wildcats of the Marines’ VMF-212 to provide air defense for the U.S.-held island 1,993 miles from Japan, had prevented the destroyers from refueling and forced the carrier to reduce speed so that the “small boys” could keep station. Enterprise had been scheduled to drop anchor in Pearl Harbor the previous afternoon, December 6. Instead, here she was on Sunday, December 7, 1941, launching a full-scale 90-degree search perimeter from 225 miles south of the Hawaiian Islands to ensure the safety of the ships as they returned to the major American naval base in the Pacific.
Relations between the United States and Japan had steadily deteriorated since the previous July, when President Roosevelt had embargoed oil exports to Japan following the Japanese occupation of the French colony of Indochina. On August 17, 1941, Roosevelt warned Japan that the United States was prepared to take action if "neighboring countries" were attacked. On Monday, November 24, 1941, the Gallup poll found 52 percent of Americans expected war with Japan, 27 percent did not, and 21 percent had no opinion.
A graduate in the Class of 1932 from Annapolis, Best entered flight training in 1934, following two years’ sea duty. His outstanding record at Pensacola saw him given orders to join “The Flying Chiefs” of Fighting Two aboard the USS Lexington (CV-2) in as a flight. Following his tour with the Chiefs, he returned to Pensacola for two years as an instructor in Squadron Five, the advanced training unit. By the summer of 1940 when his tour was up, “It was clear to me that the only question regarding the war was when we would become involved.” Best put in a request to transfer from fighters to a torpedo squadron. “I wanted to be sure I was part of the striking force, which fighters were not at that time.” Lacking seniority to be assigned to a flight leader position since the torpedo squadrons were the “battleships” of Naval Aviation at the time, he took assignment to Bombing Six aboard Enterprise, joining the squadron on May 31, 1940 as Flight Officer (operations officer.
At 0615 hours that Sunday morning, Enterprise turned into the wind and commenced launching the eighteen Dauntlesses. No American knew that at the same time, some 500 miles north of Enterprise’s position, six Japanese aircraft carriers that had departed Hokkaido two days before Enterprise departed Pearl Harbor, were launching 183 fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers.
After the takeoff, Dick Best returned to his office near the Bombing-Six ready-room, to complete his paperwork. The compartment had a speaker that relayed the radio messages from the airborne aircraft. Shortly after 0800 hours, his paperwork was forgotten when he heard Bombing Six’s Ensign Manuel Gonzalez’s high-pitched shout over the radio, “Don’t shoot! This is an American plane! Do not shoot!”
Gonzalez and his wingman, Ensign Fred Weber had been assigned the northernmost search area. Just as they finished their search, they were suddenly surrounded by six strange aircraft with fixed landing gear. Before Gonzalez’s rear seater, Aviation Radioman Third Class Leonard Kozalek, could deploy his machine gun, the Dauntless caught fire when it was hit by bullets fired by the strange airplanes. As the Dauntless headed toward the ocean below, carrying the first two Enterprise fliers to die in the Pacific War, Weber dived away and escaped his pursuers by flying 25 feet over the waves.
Japanese Photo of Battleship Row
For the 36 Enterprise fliers, their entry into World War II was “come as you are.” Air group commander Young and his wingman, Ensign Perry Teaff, were passing over Barber’s Point when they spotted aircraft in the sky above the Marine air station at Ewa. Young commented that it was early for the Army to be flying on a Sunday. An instant later, he saw anti-aircraft explosions in the sky over the base. At the same time, Teaff spotted a low-wing single-engine aircraft closing on the formation. A moment later, he saw bullet strikes in the tail of Young’s airplane. As the attacker adjusted his aim, Teaff saw the red circles of the Japanese rising sun on its wings.
The enemy pilot overshot the two Dauntlesses and turned to make a second attack. Teaff’s radioman unlimbered his single .30 machine gun, but the unknown fighter took aim at Young. “Follow me!” the group commander ordered, and Teaff followed his leader as the two dive bombers dove for the hills below. They managed to land successfully at Ford Island through a barrage of fire from the defenders.
P-40 at Wheeler Field
Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson had been looking forward to landing at Ford Island, where his gunner, Aviation Radioman 3rd Class William C. Miller, would finish his enlistment in the Navy. Dickinson and his wingman, Ensign R. McCarthy, were approaching Barber’s Point from the south when he spotted flak bursts over the base. Beyond, he saw the explosions aboard the battleships moored to Ford Island at Battleship Row. Climbing for a better look, the two Navy fliers came across two enemy fighter pilots who immediately attacked. Dickinson dived away, followed by McCarthy, and ran into four more enemy fighters. They quickly shot down McCarthy and set his Dauntless afire. McCarthy was able to bale out, landing in a tree and breaking a leg in so doing, while his gunner, Aviation Radioman 3rd Class Mitchell Cohn, died in the crash.
Kaneohe NAS
Dickinson, pursued by three of the enemy, kept turning to see his wounded gunner Bill Miller fire at the fighters as they flashed past. In a few minutes, Miller ran out of ammo and was wounded a second time. As one of the enemy planes crossed his nose, Dickinson cut loose with his two .50 caliber machine guns. The enemy fighter caught fire at the same moment his controls went slack under the fire of another on his tail. His left wing caught fire and the Dauntless spun in.
USS California sinking
Dickinson was at 1,000 feet when he managed to overcome the g-forces and get out of the cockpit. He saw Miller slumped over his gun as he threw himself off the wing. A moment later he pulled the ripcord, and landed in a cane field in time to see his airplane hit the ground and explode. Twenty-two year old Bill Miller died on the day that was supposed to be his last in the Navy.
Back aboard Enterprise, Admiral Halsey had just poured himself a second cup of coffee when his aide dashed into the cabin. “Admiral, there’s an air raid on Pearl!” Halsey’s first thought was that the Army, which had been scheduled to conduct a readiness exercise the week before, was taking things too far. He leapt to his feet, telling his aide to radio Kimmel that the Army was “shooting down my own boys!” A second aide entered with a message direct from Admiral Kimmel: “AIR RAID PEARL HARBOR X THIS IS NO DRILL.”
USS Arizona
Officer of the Deck Lieutenant John Dorsett ordered General Quarters. Nineteen-year old Seaman Jim Barnill, one of Enterprise’s four buglers, sounded the staccato notes of “Boots and Saddles.” Twenty-eight year old First Class Bosun’s Mate Max Lee played his pipe over the 1MC then called “General Quarters! General Quarters! All hands man your battle stations!” Lee’s enlistment was almost up. After the war, he remembered that he then turned to OOD Dorsett and said “We’re at war and I’ll never get out of the Navy alive.”
Dick Best remembered coming onto the flight deck shortly after general quarters had been called and looking up at the island. “The first thing I saw was the biggest American flag I had ever seen, flying from the masthead and whipping in the wind. It was the most emotional sight of the war for me.”
Back in the United States, the month of December, 1941, was, relatively speaking, comparatively the warmest month of the year, with average temperatures ranging from a high of nine degrees above normal in North Dakota to seven degrees above normal along most of the east coast. In Greenville, North Carolina, the day was sunny and about 60 degrees at two o’clock in the afternoon. Newly-commissioned Ensign John D. Bridgers was on leave, awaiting orders to a fleet squadron, having recently become a naval aviator after he joined the navy in February 1941. He planned to spend four years as a naval aviator, then take the $4,000 bonus he would receive and go to medical school.
That afternoon, Bridgers and his father listened to the broadcast of the New York Giants football game on the NBC Blue Network. At 2:30 p.m., the broadcast was interrupted with the news no one who heard it would ever forget: Pearl Harbor had been attacked.
After the war, Bridgers wrote of that day, “I knew my plans had changed.”
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In January 2018 we went to Oahu for a winter/warm weather getaway. We stayed on the north shore and were taken in by the great surfers on the pipeline, and the fresh picked pineapple. The day before leaving we got a hotel in Waikiki and went to visit Pearl Harbor. I was humbled as we walked around. We wanted to go there but were unprepared for the emotion it brought out. The next morning we were getting ready to go to the airport to fly back to Portland. I was brushing my teeth when my husband put his phone in front of my face... it said.. INCOMING BALLISTIC MISSILE. THIS IS NOT A DRILL TAKE COVER. I thought he was kidding and picked up my phone.. same thing. Turned on the television., the local station was giving instructions on taking cover. Stay away from windows. I decided to stand in the window. Looking out there were people scrambling and although I didn’t see it apparently some were putting there children down manholes. 45 minutes later we got a message that it was a false alarm and disregard missile alert. Although I was relieved, all I could think of was I had some time to prepare for whatever , but our sailors on Pearl Harbor didn’t. I felt a connection there that I can’t explain
My husband was a Navy airman. One of our tours of duty was Barbers Point, Hi. While we were there they made the movie Tora Tora Tora. They used Ford Island and the Barbers Point air field. We saw a lot of jeeps and trucks reconfigured to look like the 1940's. They also repainted planes to make them look like the Japanese attack planes. At the end of the day they would fly over our housing area before landing. That site of Japanese planes going over just gave me goosebumps! I felt a flashback and a little bit of fear even though I knew it was movie making. Thank you TC for relaying all of the detailed history and making it personal and real.